Dare to Ask Mian Aamir All about Business Research Process

Dear student, I appreciate your query and glad that you asked.

Data presentation refers to present data in form of tables and graphs in order to infer meaning from the research data. For example frequency distribution table is one of the forms to present data in numerical form. Assume you have hypothetical data of 1000 students with four categories i.e. “excellent”, “average”, “below average” and “Fail”. As per data, 500 students passed the course excellently, 250 students lie in average category, 200 students lie in below average category and 50 students failed the course. In order to construct a frequency distribution table you have to draw percentages of each category in such a way;

Dear student

“Generalizability” means making predictions on the basis findings got. Similarly wider generalizability means stating the results to a broad level.

As there are many types of probability and non-probability sampling; the example can be narrowed down to one type of probability sampling which is random sampling. The most common example of it is lottery method. In this method sampling frame is made and unique number is given to each item. Number is selected either by selecting piece of paper having written unique number assigned to each item or through computer software.

The example of non-probability sampling can be convenience sampling. Such as a student who wants to do research on knowing perception of people regarding the super markets can gather data on convenience basis from the respondents who are available at ease.

Data editing is a very important and essential step in research. Problems in data editing are; not following instructions properly, the issue of including or cancelling the response if two options are ticked by the respondent and the presence of inconsistent responses.

The editing can further be of two types:

Field editing: it refers to editing the responses in the field by field worker as soon as responses are gathered. For example if some response is missing then fieldworker can spontaneously follow up the respondent and get the required answer immediately.

The second type is in-house editing: sometimes responses are two much that initial screening of responses does not point out the responses not answered. This asks the editing while entering the data. For example a researcher while entering the data in the system edits the non-responses is in house editing.